Jumat, 26 April 2013

JENIS-JENIS MOTTO HIDUP TERBAIK 1. Kebijakan dan kebajikaan adalah perisai terbaik. 2. Hanya kebodohan meremehkan pendidikan. 3. Kegagalan hanya terjadi bila kita menyerah 4. Pendidikan merupakan perlengkapan paling baik untuk hari tua. 5. Hanya kebodohan meremehkan pendidikan. 6. Menunggu kesuksesan adalah tindakan sia-sia yang bodoh. 7. Manusia tidak merancang untuk gagal, mereka gagal untuk merancang. 8. Tiadanya keyakinanlah yang membuat orang takut menghadapi tantangan. 9. Teman sejati adalah ia yang meraih tangan anda dan menyentuh hati anda. 10. Harapan Kosong itu lebih menyakitkan daripada kenyataan yang pahit sekalipun. 11. Kesopanan adalah pengalaman yang baik bagi keburukan lainnya. 12. Pengetahuan adalah kekuatan. 13. Kegagalan hanya terjadi bila kita menyerah. 14. Segala yang indah belum tentu bai, tetapi segala yang baik sudah tentu indah. 15. Punggung pisaupun bila diasah akan menjadi tajam. 16. Tiada hari tanpa belajar. 17. Pengalaman adalah guru terbaik. 18. Jadikanlah ilmu berguna bagi diri sendiri dan orang lain. 19. Jadikanlah kekecewaan masa lalu menjadi senjata sukses dimasa depan. 20. Jadilah orang bijak yang dapat mengambil keputusan yang baik.
5 Tips Cara Berdandan Natural: 1. Usahakan selalu mandi pagi sebelum melakukan segala rutinitas setiap hari, terkadang ada seorang wanita yang karena libur dari aktifitas, libur kerja simplenya, mereka cenderung libur juga mandi paginya. Ini satu hal yang membuat seseorang menjadi malas melakukan rutinitas pagi. 2. Sebelum berdandan usahakan semprotkan parfum ke beberapa bagian anggota badan atau gunakan deodorant, pasti lah badan akan terasa wangi dan segar sehingga akan menambah rasa percaya diri anda. 3. Berdandan dalam makna yang sebenarnya adalah ber make up, pilihlah perlengkapan make up atau kosmetik dengan kualitas yang bagus dan sesuai dengan kulit wajah anda Disini saya akan mengaplikasikan cara memakai make up : Mulailah dari membersihkan wajah terlebih dahulu menggunakan MILK CLEANSER + TONER , Kemudian pakailah pelembab wajah (MOISTURIZER ), usahakan pelembab yang mengandung SPF untuk menangkal sinar matahari mengenai langsung pada wajah, sesuaikan dengan usia masing masing karena pelembab ini banyak sekali macam serta typenya. Nah sebelum memakai pelembab bisa diselingi dengan pemakaian SERUM WAJAH wajah, kegunaan dari serum ini untuk vitamin wajah, memperbaiki atau mempertahankan kelembaban wajah atau struktur kulit wajah. Jika memang wajah dirasa perlu menambah vitamin, terutama sekali di musim kemarau/panas, karena faktor cuaca misalnya, sehingga kulit wajah seringkali terasa kering, kusam, serta bermasalah atau jerawatan. Pemakaian serum bisa 2 kali dalam seminggu atau saat apabila wajah merasa perlu menggunakan serum. Selanjutnya pakailah FOUNDATION, dalam pemilihan warna foundation sesuaikan dengan warna kulit anda. Foundation ada beragam type dan jenisnya, pilihlah sesuai dengan kocek serta cocok di kulit anda. Barulah memakai bedak, bedak ada 2 macam yaitu bedak tabur (Loose Powder) dan bedak padat (Pressed Powder). Bedak tabur biasanya dipakai untuk kulit yang cenderung berminyak tapi tak ada salahnya dalam pemakaian yang lebih sempurna bedak tabur dahulu baru disapu dengan bedak padat untuk hasil yang lebih merata. Pemulas pipi ( BLUSH ON ), cara mengaplikasikan dangan menggunakan Blush Brush dari bagian pipi berbentuk bulat dengan gerakan mengarah ke atas menuju tulang pipi. Selanjutnya, perjelas alis mata anda dengan menggunakan Definer Pencil (pencil alis) supaya terlihat lebih tegas dan rapi. Maskara bisa dipakai untuk rangkaian berdandan lainnya, agar bulu mata anda lebih cantik dan lentik. Gunakan Eyeshadow untuk menambah kesan berbeda, pemilihan warna eyeshadow bisa disesuaikan dengan warna pakaian anda atau bisa dengan applikasi beberapa warna. Untuk kesan natural pilihlah warna warna pastel untuk disiang hari sedang untuk penampilan dimalam hari pemilihan warna bisa lebih dipertegas lagi warnanya yang tentu saja masih menyesuaikan dengan gaun yang anda pakai. Eyeliner untuk mempertegas pancaran sinar mata anda. Untuk yang terakhir gunakan finishing make up, gunakan di seluruh wajah dan mata anda. Produk ini bisa anda dapatkan di produk Oriflame yaitu Giordani Gold Bronzing Pearls. Lipstick, pilihlah warna yang senada atau sesuai selera anda, karena lipstick mempunyai warna yang beraneka ragam. 4. Pemilihan gaun atau pakaian sangat berperan penting dalam penampilan anda. Sesuaikan dengan situasi dan kondisi dimana dan kapan anda harus menggunakannya. Salah kostum akan membuat anda merasa minder atau tidak percaya diri terlebih lagi jangan sampai menjadi bahan tertawaan orang yang melihatnya hanya karena salah kostum. 5. Lengkapi penampilan anda dengan tas tangan (hand bag), sepatu serta accesoris lainnya untuk menambah kesan lebih sempurna. Demikianlah sedikit tips tentang cara berdandan dan make up natural agar tampil lebih cantik dan menarik. Semoga bermanfaat untuk anda, tampil lebih percaya diri, dinamis dan kesan sempurna pada diri dan Good Luck untuk anda.
Cara belajar efektif biasa disebut dengan cara belajar yang bermakna atau berkesan. Atau cara yang ampuh untuk belajar memahami sesuatu atau pelajaran dengan mudah dan cepat menggunakan cara-cara yang paling efisien dan efektif. Cara Belajar Yang Paling Efektif Cara belajar efektif ini biasa dilakukan dengan belajar mengenal diri kita sendiri terlebih dahulu. Belajar mengenal sikap dan sifat-sifat kita masing-masing. Belajar mengenal kebiasaan kita. Dan yang paling utama adalah kita siap belajar mengetahui keinginan kita. Karena dengan keinginan yang kuat, Kita bisa menjadi sangat fokus untuk melakukan sesuatu. Jadi inti dari cara belajar efektif adalah fokus. Yaitu fokus terhadap pelajaran yang sedang dipelajari dengan cara cepat yang efektif. Belajar fokus itu berarti : Sangat serius, Berusaha dengan keras dan berkonsentrasi untuk segera memahami. Fokus adalah inti dari cara belajar efektif Seseorang bisa menjadi sangat fokus jika sesuatu yang ia pelajari itu ia sukai, Dan menyenangkan baginya. Terlebih jika memang cara fokusnya untuk hal-hal yang mereka inginkan. Secara otomatis, maka ia akan bisa menjadi sangat fokus. cara belajar yang efektif adalah fokus Satu contoh tentang cara untuk fokus adalah seperti berikut : Jika anda perhatikan, atau mungkin anda sendiri pernah mengalaminya. Yaitu ketika seorang lelaki berusaha mendapatkan cinta dari seorang wanita yang sangat dicintainya dengan sepenuh hati. Biasanya lelaki tersebut akan sangat fokus, Dan berusaha keras supaya cepat mendapatkannya. Dalam hal cara belajar efektif, Kita sebaiknya meniru contoh diatas. Yaitu dengan senang hati menyukai suatu pelajaran, Ditambah fokus. Dan berusaha dengan keras memahami pelajaran atau ilmu pengetahuan itu dengan cara yang paling tepat. Ini adalah cara belajar yang efektif. Bagaimana Caranya Supaya Bisa Fokus Belajar Di Sekolah ? Cara agar bisa fokus belajar di sekolah adalah harus memiliki keinginan untuk memahami pelajaran dengan sangat cepat. Untuk bisa cepat memahami pelajaran di dalam kelas, anda harus bisa mengabaikan segala hal yang berpotensi mengganggu fokus belajar anda. Contoh hal-hal yang bisa mengganggu fokus anda untuk cepat memahami pelajaran adalah : memikirkan sesuatu yang lain dan bercanda dengan kawan di kelas. Keinginan Untuk Menjadi Cerdas Ada beberapa kutipan tentang keinginan, diantaranya seperti berikut : Jika anda menginginkan sebuah benda, Kemudian anda fokus dan tekun melakukan cara-cara efektif yang mengarah kepada pencapaian benda itu, Maka Insya Allah anda akan mendapatkan benda tersebut. Dan jika anda menginginkan diri anda menjadi cerdas. Kemudian anda fokus dan tekun melakukan cara-cara efektif yang menuju kepada kecerdasan, Maka Insya Allah anda akan menjadi cerdas. Semakin besar keinginan kita, maka kemungkinan besar kita akan menjadi lebih kreatif untuk menemukan cara-cara yang paling efektif untuk mendapatkannya. Fokus dan keinginan untuk mendapatkan ilmu pengetahuan Adalah faktor yang sangat kuat dalam hal cara belajar yang efektif dan efisien. Anda mungkin bisa membayangkan satu waktu ketika anda tidak memiliki keinginan. Tentunya anda akan bermalas-malasan saja, Bukan? Faktor-faktor lain supaya bisa mudah belajar secara efektif adalah faktor lingkungan dan wawasan. Pikiran manusia identik dengan apa yang dia tahu, dia lihat dan rasakan. Itulah wawasan atau pengetahuan. Pikiran bawah sadar kita dikuasai oleh dari mana kita menerima informasi. Jadi misalkan anda ingin bisa memahami ilmu fisika, Maka cara yang paling efektif adalah anda harus menyukai ilmu fisika tersebut, lalu anda semestinya memiliki hobi dalam membaca artikel-artikel atau makalah belajar efektif yang berhubungan erat dengan ilmu fisika itu. Dan akan lebih baik lagi, jika anda mau bergaul di lingkungan orang-orang yang memang menyukai ilmu fisika seperti anda. Mungkin disana anda bisa berbagi pengetahuan tentang fisika dan bisa belajar bersama-sama. Sehingga akan ada lebih banyak lagi ilmu fisika yang bisa anda pahami, dan jadikanlah hal tersebut sebagai satu Motivasi Belajar. Hal yang sama juga berlaku untuk Belajar Bahasa Inggris dan bahasa-bahasa lain atau bidang ilmu yang lain. Tips Cara Belajar Efektif Di Sekolah : Untuk bisa belajar dengan efektif di sekolah, anda harus menghargai setiap detik dari waktu jam pelajaran di sekolah. Adalah anda harus bisa mengabaikan segala sesuatu yang dapat mengganggu fokus belajar anda. Setiap pelajaran yang diajarkan di sekolah, harus anda pahami dengan sangat cepat. Siswa yang cerdas adalah siswa yang selalu memahami pelajaran dengan sangat cepat. Jika anda merasa lambat dalam hal memahami pelajaran, sebaiknya anda bertanya kepada diri anda sendiri tentang apa saja kelemahan anda ketika belajar di sekolah. Temukan solusinya dan lakukanlah selalu perbaikan (improvement). Sekedar mengingatkan ! setiap hari melakukan perbaikan adalah satu cara efektif menghargai waktu hidup. Tips Cara Belajar Efektif Di Rumah : Dibawah ini adalah 5 tips cara belajar efektif agar cepat mengerti pelajaran : Anda mau fokus membaca, mengetahui atau mendapatkan gambaran tentang mata pelajaran yang akan disampaikan esok hari oleh guru atau dosen anda. Melakukan Praktek atas inisiatif sendiri, Karena anda menyukainya. Mendiskusikan pelajaran-pelajaran dengan kawan-kawan anda yang memiliki keinginan dan fokus belajar yang sama dengan anda. Membaca materi pelajaran pada saat sebelum dan sesudah tidur dimalam hari. Cara ini adalah cara belajar yang paling baik dan efektif untuk membuat pikiran anda supaya bisa lebih memahami materi-materi pelajaran. Cobalah untuk selalu mengajarkan setiap ilmu pengetahuan kepada orang lain. Sebab contoh cara pembelajaran seperti ini adalah termasuk yang terbaik dalam hal cara belajar yang paling efektif. Disiplin Makna dari disiplin ini adalah membiasakan diri. Maksudnya adalah supaya kita lebih menyukai pekerjaan. Disiplin Dalam Belajar Di Sekolah Seperti telah disebutkan diatas bahwa disiplin memiliki makna membiasakan diri. Dalam hal belajar di sekolah, Maksud dari disiplin ini adalah untuk membantu para siswa agar lebih menyukai setiap pelajaran di sekolah. Dan tujuan dari disiplin ini adalah agar semua siswa bisa lebih memahami setiap pelajaran yang diberikan supaya menjadi lebih mudah dan efektif. Disiplin dalam belajar di sekolah ini akan bisa menjadi efektif jika setiap siswa menerapkan cara-cara atau metode belajar yang efektif. Tentang Ketekunan Jika kita mau mencermati cara dan sikap dari para pelopor ilmu pengetahuan dunia seperti misalnya Thomas A. Edison. adalah tentang bagaimana cara beliau membuat bohlam lampu. Thomas Edison begitu tekun sehingga dia berhasil membuat bohlam lampu listrik dengan sangat efektif, yaitu suatu alat penerangan yang pada era itu memang belum ada orang yang berhasil membuatnya. Penemuan dan pembuatan bohlam lampu listrik adalah salah satu contoh tentang ketekunan. Tekun adalah satu prinsip hidup atau sifat seseorang dalam mengerjakan sesuatu secara terus menerus dan efektif sampai berhasil. Kesimpulan Cara Belajar Efektif Jika kita menginginkan sesuatu lalu kita mempelajarinya, Kemudian kita mengerjakan semua prosesnya dengan disiplin dan tekun, Maka insya allah kita akan cepat mendapatkannya. Disiplin dan tekun itu akan ada dengan sendirinya didalam pikiran bawah sadar kita. Caranya adalah jika kita memiliki keinginan dan motivasi belajar, mengetahui cara caranya dan bersedia mengerjakan setiap prosesnya dengan akurat. Dalam hal belajar supaya bisa cepat memahami, kita senantiasa harus menempatkan unsur keinginan dan ketekunan ini didalam pikiran kita. Sebab keinginan adalah proses awal sebuah pencapaian, Dan tekun dalam belajar berarti terus menerus belajar sampai memahami. Latihlah selalu otak anda untuk menghafal, karena tujuan menghafal dalam hal belajar adalah agar setiap ilmu yang sedang anda pelajari bisa mudah diingat. Setiap kali anda hendak tidur di malam hari, Lakukanlah hal berikut ini : Pejamkan mata anda dan katakan kepada diri anda sendiri bahwa anda sedang melakukan sesuatu yang benar dan tidak sedang salah melangkah. Jika hal tersebut diatas anda lakukan setiap malam, setiap kali anda hendak tidur, Maka pemikiran anda akan dibawa menuju kepada kepercayaan atau merasa Percaya diri dan kendali diri. Toh jika anda belum menemukan cara-cara yang paling benar dan efektif, anda akan secara otomatis dikendalikan oleh diri anda sendiri setiap malam sebelum tidur untuk selalu memperbaiki diri dengan motivasi diri. Setiap siswa yang bersedia belajar keras biasanya murid tersebut mempunyai cita-cita atau impian, dan setiap impian akan berhasil secara efektif jika belajarnya itu disertai kata-kata semangat yang diucapkan setiap kali hendak tidur dan setelah bangun dari tidur, dan ketika anda sedang belajar di sekolah atau di rumah. Fungsi Otak Kanan Dan Kiri Agar Bisa Belajar Dengan Cara Efektif Untuk menunjang pemahaman cara belajar yang baik dan efektif, ada baik nya jika anda mau memahami Fungsi Otak Kanan Dan Otak Kiri Manusia. Kutipan Kata-kata Motivasi Belajar "Pendidikan adalah mempelajari apa yang belum anda ketahui tentang hal yang tidak anda ketahui." -Daniel J. Boorstin "Satu-satunya orang terpelajar adalah seseorang yang mempelajari bagaimana cara belajar dan berubah." -Carl Rogers "Jika saya telah mempelajari pendidikan, saya tidak akan mempunyai waktu untuk mempelajari hal lainnya." -Cornelius Vanderbilt "Dia yang mencurahkan enam belas jam dalam sehari untuk belajar giat akan menjadi enam belas kali lebih bijaksana dari apa yang dia pikir tentang dirinya pada usia dua puluh tahun." -Mary Wilson Little "Keputusan yang baik adalah keputusan yang berdasarkan pengetahuan dan bukan berdasarkan angka-angka."
cara cepat memahami suatu pelajaran Belajar mendadak menjelang ujian memang tidak efektif. Paling nggak sebulan sebelum ulangan adalah masa ideal buat mengulang pelajaran. Materi yang banyak bukan masalah. Ada sepuluh cara pintar supaya waktu belajar kita menjadi efektif. 1. Belajar itu memahami bukan sekedar menghapal Yap, fungsi utama kenapa kita harus belajar adalah memahami hal-hal baru. Kita boleh hapal 100% semua detail pelajaran, tapi yang lebih penting adalah apakah kita sudah mengerti betul dengan semua materi yang dihapal itu. Jadi sebelum menghapal, selalu usahakan untuk memahami dulu garis besar materi pelajaran. 2. Membaca adalah kunci belajar Supaya kita bisa paham, minimal bacalah materi baru dua kali dalam sehari, yakni sebelum dan sesudah materi itu diterangkan oleh guru. Karena otak sudah mengolah materi tersebut sebanyak tiga kali jadi bisa dijamin bakal tersimpan cukup lama di otak kita. 3. Mencatat pokok-pokok pelajaran Tinggalkan catatan pelajaran yang panjang. Ambil intisari atau kesimpulan dari setiap pelajaran yang sudah dibaca ulang. Kata-kata kunci inilah yang nanti berguna waktu kita mengulang pelajaran selama ujian. 4. Hapalkan kata-kata kunci Kadang, mau tidak mau kita harus menghapal materi pelajaran yang lumayan banyak. Sebenarnya ini bisa disiasati. Buatlah kata-kata kunci dari setiap hapalan, supaya mudah diingat pada saat otak kita memanggilnya. Misal, kata kunci untuk nama-nama warna pelangi adalah MEJIKUHIBINIU, artinya merah, jingga, kuning, hijau, biru, nila dan ungu. 5. Pilih waktu belajar yang tepat Waktu belajar yang paling enak adalah pada saaat badan kita masih segar. Memang tidak semua orang punya waktu belajar enak yang sama lo. Tapi biasanya, pagi hari adalah waktu yang tepat untuk berkonsentrasi penuh. Gunakan saat ini untuk mengolah materi-materi baru. Sisa-sisa energi bisa digunakan untuk mengulang pelajaran dan mengerjakan pekerjaan rumah. 6. Bangun suasana belajar yang nyaman Banyak hal yang bisa buat suasana belajar menjadi nyaman. Kita bisa pilih lagu yang sesuai dengan mood kita. Tempat belajar juga bisa kita sesuaikan. Kalau sedang bosan di kamar bisa di teras atau di perpustakaan. Kuncinya jangan sampai aktivitas belajar kita mengganggu dan terganggu oleh pihak lain. 7. Bentuk Kelompok Belajar Kalau lagi bosan belajar sendiri, bisa belajar bareng dengan teman. Tidak usah banyak-banyak karena tidak bakal efektif, maksimal lima orang. Buat pembagian materi untuk dipelajari masing-masing orang. Kemudian setiap orang secara bergilir menerangkan materi yang dikuasainya itu ke seluruh anggota lainnya. Suasana belajar seperti ini biasanya seru dan kita dijamin bakalan susah untuk mengantuk. 8. Latih sendiri kemampuan kita Sebenarnya kita bisa melatih sendiri kemampuan otak kita. Pada setiap akhir bab pelajaran, biasanya selalu diberikan soal-soal latihan. Tanpa perlu menunggu instruksi dari guru, coba jawab semua pertanyaan tersebut dan periksa sejauh mana kemampuan kita. Kalau materi jawaban tidak ada di buku, cobalah tanya ke guru. 9. Kembangkan materi yang sudah dipelajari Kalau kita sudah mengulang materi dan menjawab semua soal latihan, jangan langsung tutup buku. Cobalah kita berpikir kritis ala ilmuwan. Buatlah beberapa pertanyaan yang belum disertakan dalam soal latihan. Minta tolong guru untuk menjawabnya. Kalau belum puas, cari jawabannya pada buku referensi lain atau internet. Cara ini mengajak kita untuk selalu berpikir ke depan dan kritis. 10. Sediakan waktu untuk istirahat Belajar boleh kencang, tapi jangan lupa untuk istirahat. Kalau di kelas, setiap jeda pelajaran gunakan untuk melemaskan badan dan pikiran. Setiap 30-45 menit waktu belajar kita di rumah selalu selingi dengan istirahat. Kalau pikiran sudah suntuk, percuma saja memaksakan diri. Setelah istirahat, badan menjadi segar dan otak pun siap menerima materi baru. Satu lagi, tujuan dari ulangan dan ujian adalah mengukur sejauh mana kemampuan kita untuk memahami materi pelajaran di sekolah. Selain menjawab soal-soal latihan, ada cara lain untuk mengetes apakah kita sudah paham suatu materi atau belum. Coba kita jelaskan dengan kata-kata sendiri setiap materi yang sudah dipelajari. Kalau kita bisa menerangkan dengan jelas dan teratur - tak perlu detail - berarti kita sudah paham.

Sabtu, 23 Maret 2013

50 Keajaiban Kota Kuno di Dunia!!!!

TERlebih dahulu artikel ni di tulis dalam bahasa inggeris sbab banyak sumber2 dari web orang putih jadi xnak terpesong maksudnya jadi ia di kekalkan dalam bahasa asalnya..banyak benda-benda yang misteri dalam dunia ni yang berlaku terutama senibina yang agung telah dapat dicipta pada zaman dahulu kala..persoalannya bagaimanakah mereka membinanya sedangkan pada suatu ketika dahulu tidak terdapat teknologi yang canggih seperti zaman moden sekarang ini..persoalan itu belum lagi terjawab sehingga sekarang...JOm laYYaaNn


South America

1. Easter Island (Chile)
Easter Island is a Polynesian island in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeastern most point of the Polynesian triangle. A special territory of Chile annexed in 1888, Easter Island is widely famous for its 887 extant monumental statues, called moai, created by the early Rapanui people. It is a World Heritage Site with much of the island protected within the Rapa Nui National Park. The history of Easter Island is rich and controversial. Its inhabitants have endured famines, epidemics, civil war, slave raids and colonialism, and near deforestation; their population has declined precipitously more than once. They have left a cultural legacy that has brought them fame disproportionate to their population.
2. Machu Picchu (Peru)
Machu Picchu is a pre-Columbian Inca site located 2,430 metres (8,000 ft) above sea level. It is situated on a mountain ridge above the vicalamba Valley in Peru, which is 80 kilometres (50 mi) northwest of Cuzco and through which the Urubamba River flows. Most archaeologists believe that Machu Picchu was built as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (1438–1472). Often referred to as “The Lost City of the Incas”, it is perhaps the most familiar icon of the Inca World.
Central America & Caribbean
3. Teotihuacan (Mexico)
Teotihuacan is an enormous archaeological site in the Basin of Mexico, containing some of the largest pyramidal structures built in the pre-Columbian Americas. Apart from the pyramidal structures, Teotihuacan is also known for its large residential complexes, the Avenue of the Dead, and numerous colorful, well-preserved murals. At its zenith in the first half of the 1st millennium CE, Teotihuacan was the largest city in the pre-Columbian Americas. At this time it may have had more than 200,000 inhabitants, placing it among the largest cities of the world in this period. The civilization and cultural complex associated with the site is also referred to as Teotihuacan or Teotihuacano.
5. Palenque (Mexico)
Palenque was a Maya city state in southern Mexico that flourished in the seventh century CE. After its decline it was absorbed into the jungle, but has been excavated and restored and is now a famous archaeological site attracting thousands of visitors. It is located near the Usumacinta River in the Mexican state of Chiapas, located about 130 km south of Ciudad del Carmen (see map) about 150 meters above sea-level.


Europe
6. Château de Chambord (France)
The royal Château de Chambord at Chambord, Loir-et-Cher, France is one of the most recognizable châteaux in the world because of its very distinct French Renaissance architecture that blends traditional French medieval forms with classical Italian structures. The building, which was never completed, was constructed by King François I in part to be near to his mistress the Comtesse de Thoury, Claude Rohan, wife of Julien de Clermont, a member of a very important family of France, whose domaine, the château de Muides, was adjacent. Her arms figure in the carved decor of the chateau. Chambord is the largest castle in the Loire Valley, but was built to serve only as a hunting lodge for François I, who maintained his royal residences at Château de Blois and at Château d’Amboise. The original design of the Château de Chambord is attributed, though with several doubts, to Domenico da Cortona, whose wooden model for the design survived long enough to be drawn by André Félibien in the seventeenth century.
7. Chartres Cathedral (France)
The Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres, a Latin Rite Catholic cathedral located in Chartres, about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southwest of Paris, is considered one of the finest examples in all France of the Gothic style of architecture. The current cathedral is one of at least four that have occupied the site. From a distance it seems to hover in mid-air above waving fields of wheat, and it is only when the visitor draws closer that the city comes into view, clustering around the hill on which the cathedral stands. Its two contrasting spires — one, a 105 metre (349 ft) plain pyramid dating from the 1140s, and the other a 113 metre (377 ft) tall early 16th century Flamboyant spire on top of an older tower — soar upwards over the pale green roof, while all around the outside are complex flying buttresses.
8. Pont du Gard (France)
The Pont du Gard is an aqueduct in the South of France constructed by the Roman Empire, and located in Vers-Pont-du-Gard near Remoulins, in the Gard département. It has long been thought that the Pont du Gard was built by Augustus’ son-in-law and aide, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, around the year 19 BC. Newer excavations, however, suggest the construction may have taken place in the middle of the first century A.D; consequently, opinion is now somewhat divided on the matter.
9. Acropolis of Athens (Greece)
The Acropolis of Athens is the best known acropolis in the world. Although there are many other acropoleis in Greece, the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as The Acropolis without qualification. The Acropolis was formally proclaimed as the pre-eminent monument on the European Cultural Heritage list of monuments on 26 March 2007. The Acropolis is a flat-topped rock that rises 150 m (490 ft) above sea level in the city of Athens, with a surface area of about 3 hectares. It was also known as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man, Cecrops, the first Athenian king. The entrance to the Acropolis was a monumental gateway called the Propylaea. To the south of the entrance is the tiny Temple of Athena Nike. A bronze statue of Athena, sculpted by Phidias, originally stood at its centre. At the centre of the Acropolis is the Parthenon or Temple of Athena Parthenos (Athena the Virgin). East of the entrance and north of the Parthenon is the temple known as the Erechtheum.
10. Archaeological Site of Delphi (Greece)
Delphi is both an archaeological site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western spur of Mount Parnassus in the valley of Phocis. Delphi was the site of the Delphic oracle, the most important oracle in the classical Greek world, and a major site for the worship of the god Apollo after he slew the Python, a deity who lived there and protected the navel of the Earth. Python (derived from the verb pythein, “to rot”) is claimed by some to be the original name of the site in recognition of the Python that Apollo defeated (Miller, 95). The Homeric Hymn to Delphic Apollo recalled that the ancient name of this site had been Krisa. His sacred precinct in Delphi was a panhellenic sanctuary, where every four years, starting in 586 B.C. (Miller, 96) athletes from all over the Greek world competed in the Pythian Games, one of the four panhellenic (or stephanitic) games, precursors of the Modern Olympics.
11. Epidaurus Theater (Greece)
The prosperity brought by the Asklepieion enabled Epidauros to construct civic monuments too: the huge theater that delighted Pausanias for its symmetry and beauty, which is used once again for dramatic performances, the ceremonial Hestiatoreion (banqueting hall), baths and a palaestra. The theater was designed by Polykleitos the Younger in the 4th century BC. The original 34 rows were extended in Roman times by another 21 rows. As is usual for Greek theaters (and as opposed to Roman ones), the view on a lush landscape behind the skene is an integral part of the theater itself and is not to be obscured. It seats up to 15,000 people.
12. Colosseum (Italy)
The Colosseum or Roman Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre, is an elliptical amphitheatre in the center of the city of Rome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire. It is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and Roman engineering. Occupying a site just east of the Roman Forum, its construction started between 70 and 72 AD under the emperor Vespasian and was completed in 80 AD under Titus, with further modifications being made during Domitian’s reign (81–96). The name “Amphitheatrum Flavium” derives from both Vespasian’s and Titus’s family name (Flavius, from the gens Flavia). Capable of seating 50,000 spectators, the Colosseum was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles. As well as the gladiatorial games, other public spectacles were held there, such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology.
13. Grand Canal Of Venice (Italy)
The Grand Canal is a canal in Venice, Italy. It forms one of the major water-traffic corridors in the city. Public transport is provided by water buses and private water taxis, but many tourists visit it by gondola. At one end the canal leads into the lagoon near Santa Lucia railway station and the other end leads into Saint Mark Basin: in between it makes a large S-shape through the central districts (”sestieri”) of Venice. It is 3,800 m long, 30-90 m wide, with an average depth of five meters. The Grand Canal banks are lined with more than 170 buildings, most of which date to 13th/18th century and demonstrate the welfare and art created by the Republic of Venice. The noble venetian families faced huge expenses to show off their richness in suitable palazzos: this contest reveals the citizens’ pride and the deep bond with the lagoon.
14. Pompeii (Italy)
Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples in the Italian region of Campania, in the territory of the comune of Pompeii. Along with Herculaneum, its sister city, Pompeii was destroyed and completely buried during a long catastrophic eruption of the volcano Mount Vesuvius spanning two days in 79 AD. The volcano collapsed higher roof-lines and buried Pompeii under 20 meters of ash and pumice, and it was lost for nearly 1,700 years before its accidental rediscovery in 1748. Since then, its excavation has provided an extraordinarily detailed insight into the life of a city at the height of the Roman Empire. Today, this UNESCO World Heritage Site is one of the most popular tourist attractions of Italy, with 2,571,725 visitors in 2007.
15. Piazza del Campo (Italy)
Piazza del Campo is the principal public space of the historic center of Siena, Tuscany, Italy and is one of Europe’s greatest medieval squares. It is renowned worldwide for its beauty and architectural integrity. The Palazzo Pubblico and its Torre del Mangia, as well as various palazzi signorili surround the shell-shaped piazza. At the northwest edge is the Fonte Gaia. The twice-per-year horse-race, Palio di Siena, is held around the edges of the piazza.
16. Hieronymites Monastery (Portugal)
The Hieronymites Monastery is located in the Belém district of Lisbon, Portugal. This magnificent monastery can be considered one of the most prominent monuments in Lisbon and is certainly one of the most successful achievements of the Manueline style (Portuguese late-Gothic). In 1983, it was classified by the UNESCO, with nearby Belém Tower, as a World Heritage Site. The house for the Hieronymite monks was built on the same site of the Ermida do Restelo, a hermitage that was founded by Henry the Navigator at about 1450. It was at this hermitage, that was already in disrepair, that Vasco da Gama and his men spent the night in prayer before departing for India in 1497.
17. Alhambra (Spain)
The Alhambra, the complete form of which was Calat Alhambra, is a palace and fortress complex constructed during the mid 14th century by the Moorish rulers of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus, occupying a hilly terrace on the southeastern border of the city of Granada, now in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. Once the residence of the Muslim rulers of Granada and their court, the site became a Christian palace. Within the Alhambra, the Palace of Charles V was erected by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1527. After being allowed to fall into disrepair, the Alhambra was “rediscovered” in the 19th century. It is now one of Spain’s major tourist attractions and exhibits the country’s most famous Islamic architecture, together with Christian 16th-century and later interventions in buildings and gardens.
18. Chillon Castle (Switzerland)
The Chillon Castle (Château de Chillon) is located on the shore of Lake Geneva in the municipality of Veytaux, at the eastern end of the lake, 3 km from Montreux, Switzerland. The castle consists of 100 independent buildings that were gradually connected to become the building as it stands now. The oldest parts of the castle have not been definitively dated, but the first written record of the castle is in 1160 or 1005. From the mid 12th century, the castle was home to the Counts of Savoy, and it was greatly expanded in the 13th century by Pietro II. The Castle was never taken in a siege, but did change hands through treaties.
19. Stonehenge (United Kingdom)
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) west of Amesbury and 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) north of Salisbury. One of the most famous sites in the world, Stonehenge is composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones. It is at the centre of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred burial mounds. Archaeologists had believed that the iconic stone monument was erected around 2500 BC, as described in the chronology below. One recent theory, however, has suggested that the first stones were not erected until 2400-2200 BC, whilst another suggests that bluestones may have been erected at the site as early as 3000 BC (see phase 1 below).




Africa
20. Great Pyramid of Giza (Egypt)
The Great Pyramid of Giza (also called the Pyramid of Khufu and the Pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt, and in a historical irony is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and the only one that survives substantially intact. It is believed the pyramid was built as a tomb for fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops in Greek) and constructed over a 20 year period concluding around 2551 BC. The Great Pyramid consists of more than 2.3 million limestone blocks (unless it was built on a substantial core of natural rock, which is possible). The Egyptians obtained the majority of the limestone blocks from a nearby quarry. The Tura limestone used for the casing was quarried across the river. The largest granite stones in the pyramid, found in the “King’s” chamber, weigh 25 to 80 tonnes and were transported more than 500 miles away from Aswan.
21. Abu Simbel (Egypt)
Abu Simbel temples are two massive rock temples in Nubia, southern Egypt on the western bank of Lake Nasser about 290 km southwest of Aswan. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the “Nubian Monuments”, which run from Abu Simbel downriver to Philae (near Aswan). The twin temples were originally carved out of the mountainside during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses II in the 13th century BC, as a lasting monument to himself and his queen Nefertari, to commemorate his alleged victory at the Battle of Kadesh, and to intimidate his Nubian neighbors. However, the complex was relocated in its entirety in the 1960s, on an artificial hill made from a domed structure, high above the Aswan High Dam reservoir. The relocation of the temples was necessary to avoid their being submerged during the creation of Lake Nasser, the massive artificial water reservoir formed after the building of the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River. Abu Simbel remains one of Egypt’s top tourist attractions.
22. Karnak (Egypt)
The Karnak Temple Complex — usually called simply Karnak — comprises a vast conglomeration of ruined temples, chapels, pylons and other buildings, notably the Great Temple of Amen and a massive structure begun by Pharaoh Amenhotep III (ca. 1391-1351 BC). It is located near Luxor, some 500 km south of Cairo, in Egypt. The area around Karnak was the ancient Egyptian Ipet-isut (”The Most Selected of Places”) and the main place of worship of the Theban Triad with the god Amun as its head. It is part of the monumental city of Thebes. The Karnak complex takes its name from the nearby (and partly surrounded) modern village of el-Karnak, some 2.5 km north of Luxor.
23. Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut (Egypt)
The Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut is situated beneath the cliffs at Deir el Bahari on the west bank of the Nile near the Valley of the Kings in Egypt. Designed by the architect Senemut, the mortuary temple is dedicated to the sun god Amon-Ra and is located next to the mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II, which served both as an inspiration, and later, a quarry. It is considered one of the “incomparable monuments of ancient Egypt.”. Hatshepsut’s temple is considered the closest Egypt came to the Classical Architecture. It marks a turning point in the architecture of Ancient Egypt, which forsook the megalithic geometry of the Old Kingdom for a temple which allowed for active worship, requiring the presence of participants to create the majesty.
24. Leptis Magna (Libya)
Leptis Magna, also known as Lectis Magna (or Lepcis Magna as it is sometimes spelled), also called Lpqy or Neapolis, was a prominent city of the Roman Empire. Its ruins are located in Al Khums, Libya, 130 km east of Tripoli, on the coast where the Wadi Lebda meets the sea. The site is one of the most spectacular and unspoiled Roman ruins in the Mediterranean. The city appears to have been founded by Phoenician colonists sometime around 1100 BC, although it did not achieve prominence until Carthage became a major power in the Mediterranean Sea in the 4th century BC. It nominally remained part of Carthage’s dominions until the end of the Third Punic War in 146 BC and then became part of the Roman Republic, although from about 200 BC onward, it was for all intents and purposes an independent city.
25. Timbuktu (Mali)
Timbuktu (Timbuctoo) is a city in Tombouctou Region, in the West African nation of Mali. It was made prosperous by the tenth mansa of the Mali Empire, Mansa Musa. It is home to Sankore University and other madrasas, and was an intellectual and spiritual capital and centre for the propagation of Islam throughout Africa in the 15th and 16th centuries. Its three great mosques, Djingareyber, Sankore and Sidi Yahya, recall Timbuktu’s golden age. Although continuously restored, these monuments are today under threat from desertification.




Asia
26. Angkor Wat (Cambodia)
Angkor Wat (or Angkor Vat) is a temple complex at Angkor, Cambodia, built for the king Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and capital city. As the best-preserved temple at the site, it is the only one to have remained a significant religious centre since its foundation—first Hindu, dedicated to the god Vishnu, then Buddhist. The temple is the epitome of the high classical style of Khmer architecture. It has become a symbol of Cambodia, appearing on its national flag, and it is the country’s prime attraction for visitors. Angkor Wat, is a unique combination of the temple mountain, the standard design for the empire’s state temples, the later plan of concentric galleries, and influences from Orissa and the Chola of Tamil Nadu, India. The temple is a representation of Mount Meru, the home of the gods: the central quincunx of towers symbolises the five peaks of the mountain, and the walls and moat the surrounding mountain ranges and ocean. Access to the upper areas of the temple was progressively more exclusive, with the laity being admitted only to the lowest level.
27. Great Wall of China (China)
The Great Wall of China or is a series of stone and earthen fortifications in northern China, built, rebuilt, and maintained between the 5th century BC and the 16th century to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire. Since the 5th century BC, several walls have been built that were referred to as the Great Wall. One of the most famous is the wall built between 220–206 BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. Little of that wall remains; the majority of the existing wall were built during the Ming Dynasty.
28. Forbidden City (China)
The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial palace from the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. It is located in the middle of Beijing, China, and now houses the Palace Museum. For almost five centuries, it served as the home of the Emperor and his household, as well as the ceremonial and political centre of Chinese government. Since 1925, the Forbidden City has been under the charge of the Palace Museum, whose extensive collection of artwork and artifacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Part of the museum’s former collection is now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Both museums descend from the same institution, but were split after the Chinese Civil War. (based on a
29. Terracotta Army (China)
The Terracotta Army is the Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shi Huang the First Emperor of China. The terracotta figures, dating from 210 BC, were discovered in 1974 by some local farmers near Xi’an, Shaanxi province, China near the Mausouleum of the First Qin Emperor. The figures vary in height (183–195 cm - 6 ft–6 ft 5in), according to their role, the tallest being the generals. The figures include warriors, chariots, horses, officials, acrobats, strongmen, and musicians. Current estimates are that in the three pits containing the Terracotta Army there were over 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots with 520 horses and 150 cavalry horses, the majority of which are still buried in the pits. Many archeologists believe that there are many pits still waiting to be discovered.
30. Hanging Temple of Hengshan (China)
The Hanging Temple is a temple built into a cliff ( 75m Above the ground ) near Mount Heng in the province of Shanxi. The closest city is Datong, 65 kilometers to the northwest. Along with the Yungang Grottoes, the Hanging Temple is one of the main tourist attractions and historical sites in the Datong area. Built more than 1,500 years ago, this temple is notable not only for its location on a sheer precipice but also because it includes Buddhist, Taoist, and Confucian elements.
31. Leshan Giant Buddha (China)
The Leshan Giant Buddha was built during the Tang Dynasty (618–907). It is carved out of a cliff face that lies at the confluence of the Minjiang, Dadu and Qingyi rivers in the southern part of Sichuan province in China, near the city of Leshan. The stone sculpture faces Mount Emei, with the rivers flowing below his feet. It is the largest carved stone Buddha in the world and at the time of its construction was the tallest statue in the world. At 71 metres (233 feet) tall, the statue depicts a seated Maitreya Buddha with his hands resting on his knees. His shoulders are 28 metres wide and his smallest toenail is large enough to easily accommodate a seated person.
32. Taj Mahal (India)
The Taj Mahal is a mausoleum located in Agra, India, built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is considered the finest example of Mughal architecture, a style that combines elements from Persian, Indian, and Islamic architectural styles. In 1983, the Taj Mahal became a UNESCO World Heritage Site and was cited as “the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world’s heritage.”
33. Harmandir Sahib (India)
Golden Temple or Harmandir Sahib, informally referred to as The Golden Temple or Temple of God, is culturally the most significant place of worship of the Sikhs and one of the oldest Sikh gurdwaras. It is located in the city of Amritsar, which was established by Guru Ram Das Ji, the fourth guru of the Sikhs, and is, also due to the shrine, known as Guru Di Nagri meaning city of the Guru. Originally built during AD 1574, the site of the temple was surrounded by a small lake in a thin forest. The third of the six grand Mughals, emperor Akbar, who visited the third Sikh Guru, Guru Amar Das.
34. Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple (India)
Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple or Meenakshi Amman Temple is a historic Hindu temple located in the holy city of Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva (in the form of Sundareswarar or Beautiful Lord) and his consort, Goddess Parvati (in the form of Meenakshi). The temple forms the heart and lifeline of the 2500 year old city of Madurai. The complex houses 14 magnificent Gopurams or towers including two golden Gopurams for the main deities, that are elaborately sculptured and painted. The temple is a significant symbol for the Tamil people, and has been mentioned since antiquity in Tamil literature, though the present structure is believed to have been built in 1600. The tallest temple tower is 51.9 metres (170 ft) high.
35. Borobudur (Indonesia)
Borobudur is a ninth-century Mahayana Buddhist monument in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. The monument comprises six square platforms topped by three circular platforms, and is decorated with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues. A main dome, located at the center of the top platform, is surrounded by 72 Buddha statues seated inside perforated stupa. The monument is both a shrine to the Lord Buddha and a place for Buddhist pilgrimage. The journey for pilgrims begins at the base of the monument and follows a path circumambulating the monument while ascending to the top through the three levels of Buddhist cosmology, namely Kāmadhātu (the world of desire), Rupadhatu (the world of forms) and Arupadhatu (the world of formlessness). During the journey the monument guides the pilgrims through a system of stairways and corridors with 1,460 narrative relief panels on the wall and the balustrades.
36. Kinkaku-ji (Japan)
Kinkaku-ji or formally Rokuon-ji is a Zen Buddhist temple in Kyoto, Japan. It is one of the construction that represents the Kitayama Culture of Muromachi period. The original Kinkaku-ji was built in 1397 to serve as a retirement villa for Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, as part of his estate then known as Kitayama. It was his son, shogun Ashikaga Yoshimochi, who converted the building into a Zen temple of the Rinzai school.
37. Bagan (Myanmar)
Bagan, formerly Pagan, is an ancient city in the Mandalay Division of Burma (Myanmar). Formally titled Arimaddanapura or Arimaddana (the City of the Enemy Crusher) and also known as Tambadipa (the Land of Copper) or Tassadessa (the Parched Land), it was the ancient capital of several ancient kingdoms in Burma. It is located in the dry central plains of the country, on the eastern bank of the Ayeyarwady River, 90 miles (145 km) southwest of Mandalay. Bagan was submitted to become a UNESCO heritage site but many speculate of politics as partly the reason for the exclusion. UNESCO does not designate Bagan as a World Heritage Site. The main reason given is that the military junta (SPDC) has haphazardly restored ancient stupas, temples and buildings, ignoring original architectural styles and using modern materials which bear little or no resemblance to the original designs. The junta has also established a golf course, a paved highway, and built a 200-foot (61-m) watchtower in the southeastern suburb of Minnanthu.
38. Banaue Rice Terraces (Philippines)
The Banaue Rice Terraces are 2000-year old terraces that were carved into the mountains of Ifugao in the Philippines by ancestors of the indigenous people. The Rice Terraces are commonly referred to by Filipinos as the “Eighth Wonder of the World”. It is commonly thought that the terraces were built with minimal equipment, largely by hand. The terraces are located approximately 1500 meters (5000 ft) above sea level and cover 10,360 square kilometers (about 4000 square miles) of mountainside. They are fed by an ancient irrigation system from the rainforests above the terraces. It is said that if the steps are put end to end it would encircle half the globe. The Banaue terraces are part of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras, ancient sprawling man-made structures from 2,000 to 6,000 years old. They are found in the provinces of Kalinga, Apayao, Benguet, Mountain Province and Ifugao, and are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
39. Kremlin (Russia)
Kremlin is the Russian word for “fortress”, “citadel” or “castle” and refers to any major fortified central complex found in historic Russian cities. This word is often used to refer to the best-known one, the Moscow Kremlin, or metonymically to the government that is based there. Outside Russia, the name “Kremlin” is sometimes mistakenly thought of as being Saint Basil’s Cathedral because of its distinctive environment, although this is not a part of the Moscow Kremlin. The name Kremlin (or Kreml) has been allocated to various Soviet Navy vessels during construction. In each case, the name was changed prior to commissioning. Vessels which have briefly carried this name included Admiral Kuznetsov and Ulyanovsk.
40. Wat Phra Kaew (Thailand)
The Wat Phra Kaew (English Temple of the Emerald Buddha) full official name Wat Phra Sri Rattana Satsadaram, is regarded as the most sacred Buddhist temple (wat) in Thailand. It is located in the historic center of Bangkok (district Phra Nakhon), within the grounds of the Grand Palace. The construction of the temple started when King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (Rama I) moved the capital from Thonburi to Bangkok in 1785. Unlike other temples it does not contain living quarters for monks; rather, it has only the highly decorated holy buildings, statues, and pagodas.
41. Wat Arun (Thailand)
Wat Arun is a Buddhist temple (wat) in the Bangkok Yai district of Bangkok, Thailand, on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River. The full name of the temple is Wat Arunratchawararam Ratchaworamahawihan. The outstanding feature of Wat Arun is its central prang (Khmer-style tower). Begun in 1809, it may have been named “Temple of the Dawn” because the first light of morning reflects off the surface of the temple with a pearly iridescence. Steep steps lead up to two terraces. The height is reported by different sources as between 66.8 m and 86 m. The corners are surrounded by 4 smaller satellite prangs. The prangs are decorated by seashells and bits of porcelain which had previously been used as ballast by boats coming to Bangkok from China.




Middle East
42. Dome of the Rock (Israel)
The Dome of the Rock is an Islamic shrine and major landmark located on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. It was completed in 691, making it the oldest existing Islamic building in the world. The site’s significance stems from the religious beliefs regarding the rock, known as the Foundation Stone in Judaism, at its heart. The Dome of the Rock is located at the visual center of a platform known as the Temple Mount, which Muslims refer to as the “Noble Sanctuary”. It was constructed over the site of the Second Jewish Temple which was destroyed during the Roman Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE. In 637 CE, Jerusalem was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate army during the Islamic invasion of the Byzantine Empire.
43. Masada (Israel)
Masada is the name for a site of ancient palaces and fortifications in the South District of Israel on top of an isolated rock plateau, or horst, on the eastern edge of the Judean Desert overlooking the Dead Sea. After the First Jewish-Roman War a siege of the fortress by troops of the Roman Empire led to the mass suicide of the Sicarii rebels, who preferred death to surrender. According to Josephus, a first-century Jewish Roman historian, Herod the Great fortified Masada between 37 and 31 BCE as a refuge for himself in the event of a revolt. In 66 CE, at the beginning of the First Jewish-Roman War against the Roman Empire, a group of Jewish extremists called the Sicarii overcame the Roman garrison of Masada.
44. Petra (Jordan)
Petra, is a historic and archaeological city in the Jordanian governorate of Ma’an that has rock cut architecture and water conduits system. Established sometime around the 6th century BC as the capital city of the Nabataeans, it is a symbol of Jordan as well as its most visited tourism attraction. It lies on the slope of Mount Hor in a basin among the mountains which form the eastern flank of Arabah (Wadi Araba), the large valley running from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba. Petra was chosen as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in 2007 and a World Heritage Site since 1985. Petra was chosen by the BBC as one of “the 40 places you have to see before you die”.
45. Baalbek (Lebanon)
Baalbek is a town in the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon, altitude 1,170 metres (3,800 ft), situated east of the Litani River. It is famous for its exquisitely detailed yet monumentally scaled temple ruins of the Roman period, when Baalbek, known as Heliopolis was one of the largest sanctuaries in the Empire. It is Lebanon’s greatest Roman treasure, and it can be counted among the wonders of the ancient world. The largest and most noble Roman temples ever built, they are also among the best preserved. Towering high above the Beqaa plain, their monumental proportions proclaimed the power and wealth of Imperial Rome. The gods worshipped here, the Triad of Jupiter, Venus and Bacchus, were grafted onto the indigenous deities of Hadad, Atargatis and a young male god of fertility. Local influences are also seen in the planning and layout of the temples, which vary from the classic Roman design.
46. Damascus (Syria)
Damascus (commonly known as ash-Shām also known as the “City of Jasmin”) is the capital and largest city of Syria as well as one of the country’s 14 governorates. The Damascus Governorate is ruled by a governor appointed by the Minister of Interior. In addition to being widely known as the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, Damascus is a major cultural and religious center of the Levant. Damascus has a wealth of historical sites dating back to many different periods of the city’s history. Since the city has been built up with every passing occupation, it has become almost impossible to excavate all the ruins of Damascus that lie up to 8 feet (2.4 m) below the modern level. The Citadel of Damascus is located in the northwest corner of the Old City.
47. Palmyra (Syria)
Palmyra was in ancient times an important city of central Syria, located in an oasis 215 km northeast of Damascus and 180 km southwest of the Euphrates at Deir ez-Zor. It has long been a vital caravan city for travellers crossing the Syrian desert and was known as the Bride of the Desert. The earliest documented reference to the city by its Semitic name Tadmor, Tadmur or Tudmur (which means “the town that repels” in Amorite and “the indomitable town” in Aramaic.) is recorded in Babylonian tablets found in Mari. Though the ancient site fell into disuse after the 16th century, it is still known as Tadmor in Arabic, and there is a newer town next to the ruins of the same name. The Palmyrenes constructed a series of large-scale monuments containing funerary art such as limestone slabs with human busts representing the deceased.
48. Hagia Sophia (Turkey)
Hagia Sophia is a former Orthodox patriarchal basilica, later a mosque, now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey. Famous in particular for its massive dome, it is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture and to have “changed the history of architecture.” It was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years, until the completion of the Seville Cathedral in 1520. The current building was originally constructed as a church between 532 and 537 A.D. on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, and was in fact the third Church of the Holy Wisdom to occupy the site.
49. Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Turkey)
The Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Turkish: Sultanahmet Camii) is a historical mosque in Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey and the capital of the Ottoman Empire (from 1453 to 1923). The mosque is popularly known as the Blue Mosque for the blue tiles adorning the walls of its interior. It was built between 1609 and 1616, during the rule of Ahmed I. Like many other mosques, it also comprises a tomb of the founder, a madrasah and a hospice. While still used as a mosque, the Sultan Ahmed Mosque has also become a popular tourist attraction of Istanbul.
50. Library of Celsus (Turkey)
The library of Celsus, in Ephesus, Asia Minor (Anatolia, now Turkey), was built in honor of Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus (completed in 135 AD) by Celsus’ son, Gaius Julius Aquila (consul, 110 AD). Celsus had been consul in 92 AD, governor of Asia in 115 AD, and a wealthy and popular local citizen. The library was built to store 12,000 scrolls and to serve as a monumental tomb for Celsus. It was unusual to be buried within a library or even within city limits, so this was a special honor for Celsus. The building is important as one of few remaining examples of an ancient Roman-influenced library. It also shows that public libraries were built not only in Rome itself but throughout the Roman Empire.

Selasa, 05 Maret 2013

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